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2021-10-12
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1. Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the important cereal crop next to wheat and rice in the world. In India, it ranks third after rice and wheat. Globally, 1210.24 m t of maize was being produced together by 169 countries from an area of 205.87 m ha with an average productivity of 5.87 t ha1 . United States, China, Brazil, Argentina, Ukraine and India are the leading countries in terms of maize production (Anon., 2021) [1] . In India, it is cultivated over an area of 9.89 m ha with a production of 31.64 m t and the productivity of 3.19 t ha-1 (Anon., 2022a) [2] . Broadly, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh are the major producers of maize in India. Karnataka ranks first in India and contributes 10 per cent to overall production. In Karnataka, maize is grown over an area of 1.40 m ha with production of 5.22 m t and productivity of 3.28 t ha-1 (Anon., 2022b) [3] . In Karnataka, the major maize growing districts are Bellary, Bidar, Vijayapura, Belagavi, Koppal, Raichur, Tumakuru, Chitradurga, parts of Chikkaballapur and Kolar. Maize is a dual-purpose crop. The grain is used both for human and livestock consumption and stover is solely fed to the livestock. It has high nutritive value as it contains about 7.7-14.6% protein, 0.8-2.32% crude fibre, 69.7-74.5% carbohydrates, 3.2-7.7% fat and ash is about 0.7- 1.3% (Anon., 2024a) [4] . Generally, maize is grown during kharif season, but it can also be grown during rabi and summer seasons because of its photo insensitive nature. Despite having high yield potential of maize, its productivity is low due to many constraints and one of them is nutrient deficiency in the soil. Although, application of excess quantity of fertilizer will not increase yield of maize, however, maize is a fertilizer responsive crop, but excessive, untimely and unscientific application of fertilizers will have a negative impact on the yield and soil health. Indian agriculture is facing a wide spectrum of challenges in crop production systems such as crop yield stagnation, declining organic matter, multi nutrient deficiencies, low use efficiency of fertilizers, climate change, shrinking of arable land, restricted labour and water availability. International Journal of Research in Agronomy https://www.agronomyjournals.com ~ 345 ~ Indian soils are being exhausted heavily, as 30 m t of nutrients removed, while 20 m t added to crops leaving a net deficit of 10 m t every year. Fertilizer response ratio of crops has declined drastically (Bhattacharya et al., 2015) [10] . Social and economic issues such as non-availability of labours and escalating cost of cultivation forcing agricultural scientists to evolve technologies that target multifaceted problems of Indian agriculture. Fertilizers play a pivotal role in agricultural production. Fertilizers have taken axial role with respect to boosting crops yield and nutritional quality especially after the development of fertilizer responsive crop varieties. Among mineral nutrients, nitrogen is the first and foremost nutrient required for crop plants as it is the constituent of chlorophyll and many proteins and enzymes and thus plays a significant role during the vegetative growth of crops. It is estimated that soil application of nitrogen causes greater loss of nitrogen due to denitrification and leaching (Nduwimana et al., 2020; Meena et al., 2021) [17, 16] . Loss of nitrogen from the soil system not only reduces soil fertility and plant yield but also create adverse impact on environment. Therefore alternate method of application is required. Along with nitrogen, phosphorous is also an important plant nutrient. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient, both as a part of several key plant structure compounds and as a catalysis in the conversion of numerous key biochemical reactions in plants. Some specific growth factors associated with phosphorus are stimulated root development, increased stalk and stem strength, improved flower formatio
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